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Other Bilateral Engagements
India–Bhutan
India and Bhutan share a unique and time-tested partnership, marked by regular political and official exchanges and deep cooperation in the power sector. Hydropower collaboration began in 1961 with the Jaldhaka project and is anchored in the 2006 Agreement on Cooperation in Hydroelectric Power, which provides a long-term framework for bilateral engagement. India has been a key technical and financial partner in the development of Bhutan’s hydropower resources. Bhutan’s hydropower forms a cornerstone of clean energy trade between the two countries. Power is imported into India from major hydroelectric projects such as Chukha, Tala, Kurichhu, Mangdechhu and Punatsangchhu-II, with additional capacity expected from the under-construction Punatsangchhu-I project. High-capacity transmission systems, including EHV AC links and the ±800 kV HVDC corridor, enable reliable evacuation and transfer of surplus hydropower to India. The partnership continues to expand through market-based power trade, enhanced transmission connectivity, and institutional mechanisms such as the proposed Joint Steering Committee and Joint Working Group. Recent milestones, including the commissioning of Punatsangchhu-II and high-level leadership engagement, reaffirm the shared commitment to clean energy, regional energy security, and sustainable development.
India–Denmark
India and Denmark enjoy long-standing diplomatic relations founded on shared democratic values and a common commitment to sustainable development and global stability. Energy cooperation is a central pillar of this partnership and is anchored in the MoU on Energy Cooperation between India’s Ministry of Power/CEA and Denmark’s Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, first signed in 2020 and renewed in May 2025 for a further five years. The MoU underpins the India–Denmark Energy Partnership (INDEP), which has evolved into INDEP-II (2025–2029), focusing on longterm energy modelling, power system flexibility, variable renewable energy integration, forecasting, resource adequacy, electricity market reforms, storage, and distributed generation. Through this partnership, Denmark has supported extensive capacity building, including specialised training for officers of the Ministry of Power, CEA, and State agencies. Institutional engagement is driven through regular Joint Steering Committee and Joint Working Group meetings, most recently held in Copenhagen in October 2025, which reviewed progress and endorsed future joint action plans. High-level ministerial interactions and technical collaboration, including advanced renewable energy forecasting tools, continue to strengthen India–Denmark cooperation in clean energy transition and power sector.
India–Germany
India and Germany cooperate closely in the energy sector through the Indo-German Energy Forum (IGEF), established in 2006 as an institutionalized energy dialogue. The IGEF provides a structured platform to advance collaboration in energy security, energy efficiency and conservation, renewable energy, grid integration, green hydrogen, investment, and joint research and development, aligned with the objectives of sustainable and low-carbon growth. The Forum is co-chaired by the Secretary (Power), Government of India, and the Parliamentary State Secretary of Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The thematic sub-groups under the IGEF focus on efficiency enhancement in fossil fuel-based power plants, renewable energy, demand-side energy efficiency and low-carbon strategies, green energy grid integration, and green hydrogen, with active participation from relevant Indian ministries and agencies. In 2025, IGEF-supported capacity-building initiatives significantly strengthened technical expertise in power system flexibility and clean energy transition. These included study tours and simulator-based trainings on thermal power plant flexibilisation, national programmes on battery energy storage and renewable integration, and multiple workshops on renewable energy and green hydrogen, benefiting officials from central and state power sector institutions and utilities.
India and Mauritius share close and enduring relations rooted in historical ties, demographic links, and strong cultural affinity. Energy cooperation forms an important pillar of this partnership, with growing engagement aimed at strengthening Mauritius’s power sector resilience, sustainability, and long-term energy security. Bilateral cooperation was institutionalized through the signing of a five-year MoU on Power Sector Cooperation in September 2025, alongside high-level ministerial interaction. Joint institutional mechanisms, including a Joint Working Group and Joint Steering Committee, have been established to advance collaboration across power planning, generation, transmission and distribution, renewable energy, energy efficiency, capacity building, and technology adoption, reinforcing India’s support for Mauritius’s energy transition.
India and Myanmar share close spiritual, historical, linguistic, and ethnic ties, supported by regular institutional interactions and structured dialogue mechanisms. Bilateral cooperation in the power sector is guided by the MoU on Power Sector Cooperation, originally signed in 2016 and extended in 2021, which provides a framework for collaboration in power supply, infrastructure development, and capacity building. Cross-border electricity cooperation is currently reflected in the supply of about 3 MW of power from Moreh in Manipur to Tamu in Myanmar, at present, through an 11 kV interconnection. At the institutional level, the 7th Joint Working Group and 6th Joint Steering Committee meetings held in New Delhi in July 2025 reviewed ongoing cooperation and future priorities. During the visit, the Myanmar delegation also interacted with NTPC and visited its training and research facilities to explore best practices in power system development, storage, and microgrids. Future cooperation focuses on strengthening infrastructure and capacity. Agreements have been signed for preparation of the DPR for the Imphal–Tamu 400 kV transmission link with an HVDC back-to-back station, alongside internal transmission augmentation in Myanmar. NTPC has also proposed solar projects with storage and offered extensive capacity-building support, underscoring India’s commitment to reliable, sustainable, and mutually beneficial energy cooperation. On 2nd February, 2026 the 6th meeting of India - Myanmar Joint Technical Team -Transmission (JTT-T) was held in virtual mode.
India–Nepal
India and Nepal share a close partnership rooted in civilizational ties and strong people-to-people links, which is reflected in their growing cooperation in the power sector. This collaboration is guided by the 2014 MoU on Electric Power Trade, Cross-Border Transmission Interconnection and Grid Connectivity, supported by institutional mechanisms such as the Joint Working Group and Joint Steering Committee that meet regularly to review progress. Cross-border power trade has expanded through multiple transmission interconnections, including the 400 kV Dhalkebar–Muzaffarpur link, now enhanced to 1000 MW. Several new high-capacity cross-border transmission lines are under implementation to support bilateral power exchange and evacuation of hydropower from Nepal, including projects associated with the Arun-III Hydroelectric Project. The partnership has further deepened through market-based power trading, renewable energy cooperation, and high-level ministerial engagements. Nepal’s participation in Indian power exchanges, joint ventures between POWERGRID and Nepal Electricity Authority, and NTPC–NEA collaboration in renewables highlight the shared commitment to regional energy security, sustainability, and grid resilience.
India–Saudi Arabia
ndia and Saudi Arabia have strengthened their strategic partnership in the energy sector through focused engagement on power interconnection, clean energy, and resilient supply chains. Following discussions during the visit of Saudi Arabia’s Energy Minister to India in 2022, an MoU on cooperation in Electrical Interconnection, Green/Clean Hydrogen, and Supply Chains was signed in October 2023, providing a comprehensive framework for technical, commercial, and institutional collaboration. To operationalize the MoU, Joint Technical Teams were constituted for electrical interconnections, green/clean hydrogen, and supply chains.
India–Singapore
India and Singapore have been exploring enhanced cooperation in the power sector, building on high-level discussions held in September 2022 between the Indian Minister of Power and New and Renewable Energy and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore. These discussions identified the potential for an electricity grid interconnection as a forward-looking area of collaboration to support clean energy transition and regional power trade. Subsequently, a pre-feasibility study for an India–Singapore grid interconnection via the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was prepared.
India–United Arab Emirates (UAE)
India and the United Arab Emirates have expanded their strategic partnership in the power sector through the signing of an MoU on Electricity Interconnection and Trade in February 2024. The MoU provides a comprehensive framework for cooperation covering cross-border electricity interconnection and trade, regulatory aspects, clean energy development including green hydrogen, energy storage, and knowledge exchange on net-zero initiatives. The Ministry of Power has designated the Central Transmission Utility of India Limited (CTUIL) as the Indian partner, with Etihad Water and Electricity Company PJSC representing the UAE side.